Possibly the largest collection of human mutants in one place, the University of Amsterdam’s anatomical and embryological museum began as the private teratological collection of Gerardus Vrolik (1755-1859) and his son Willem Vrolik (1801-1863). They both were professors of anatomy at the Athenaeum Illustre, the predecessor of the University of Amsterdam.

Teratology is the study of deformity, a popular subject for anatomists in the 18th and 19th centuries. Willem wrote extensively on deformities, including cyclopia, the pathogenesis of congenital anomalies, and conjoined twins. His personal collection of specimens built onto that of his father, resulting in several thousand items left behind at his death.

The collection was purchased by the city of Amsterdam in 1869 and eventually found its home at the university. Other anatomical collections have been added to the museum over the years, including a set of pathological bones, a dental collection, and other teratological specimens. There are also animal specimens in the collection.

Later additions to the collection include "a collection of pathological bones, shown in a fine 18th century cabinet" and a dental collection. Since 1994, 150 specimens displaying anatomical oddities or deformations have been on display.